Map highlights: Macedon dominates the Greek world under Alexander – Greek cities such as Athens remain major centers of culture and learning – Rome continues expanding in Italy as a republic – Carthage remains leading western Mediterranean Sea power – By 325 BCE, Alexander’s empire stretches from Greece and Egypt to Central Asia and the Indus – New cities and wider contacts lay foundations for the Hellenistic world. – Former Persian lands are now largely under Macedonian rule. Babylon and Susa remain major centers; Alexandria, founded in 331 BCE is rapidly developing. – In India the Nanda Empire dominates the Ganges plain from Pataliputra. – Gandhara, Taxila, and parts of the Punjab lie within Alexander’s eastern frontier. China is in the Warring States period under the Eastern Zhou. – Aristotle and classical Greek thought remain highly influential. – Chines and Indian intellectual traditions continue to develop. – Overland and maritime routes connect the Mediterranean, Near East, Central Asia, and India. – Goods, techniques, and ideas circulate more widely across Eurasia.

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