(Map is approximate and for illustration purpose only.)

Map highlights: Peace of Westphalia reshapes European politics – Dutch Republic emerges as a leading commercial and maritime power – Batavia is the headquarters of the Dutch VOC – Commonwealth of England established – Expansion of Atlantic and Asian commerce strengthens European states and trading companies – Ottoman Empire remains a major power across the Mediterranean, Balkans, and Middle East – The Mughal Empire reaches a cultural and economic high point under Shah Jahan – Russian eastward expansion across Siberia – Qing Dynasty established in Beijing and keeps expanding – Tokugawa Japan

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