(Map is approximate and for illustration only.)

Map highlights: England and France consolidate kingdoms – The Holy Roman Empire remains politically fragmented – Burgundy is a major Western European power – Renaissance culture flourishes in Italy – Byzantine Empire survives but is greatly reduced – Competition for trade routes links the Ottomans, Italian city-states, and the eastern Mediterranean world – Mamluk Sultanate rules Egypt and the Levant – Persian, Anatolian, and Arab centers of learning, science, and trade remain important – Delhi Sultanate remains important in India but shares the subcontinent with strong regional states – Vijayanagara flourishes in the south of India – Ming Dynasty governs China – Joseon Korea developes as a strong Confucian state – Zheng He’s great maritime expeditions had recently connected China with Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean – In Africa, gold, salt, and other goods move across Sahara and Indian Ocean networks – In The Americas the Aztec Triple Alliance expands in central Mexico – The Inca state expands 

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