(Map is approximate and for illustration purpose only.)

Maps highlights: Athens, Sparta, and other poleis flourish as Greece enters the Classical era – Ionian revolt against Persia begins in 499 BCE – Carthage grows as a major western Mediterranean power – Darius I rules a vast empire from Egypt to Central Asia and the Indus – Egypt, Phonicia, Yehud, and Babylonia lie within the Achaemenid imperial system – Eastern Zhou China remains divided among powerful regional states – Confucius is active during the late Spring and Autumn era – Confucian and Upanishadic thought develop, while Sramana movements, including early Buddhist and Jain traditions, take shape – Goods, technologies, and ideas circulate across Eurasia and Africa

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