(Map is approximate and for illustration purpose only.)

Map highlights: Industrial Revolution transforms economies, cities, and society – The revolution of 1848 and national movements reshape politics – Italy and the Germany remain politically divided – Liberalism, nationalism, and reform spread – East India Company power dominates much of India alongside princely states – Independent Latin American republics reshape the hemisphere – The United States expands westward – Steamships, railroads, and telegraphy increasingly connect the world

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